A Scalable Solution to B2B Funnel Tracking - Charlie Saunders
Every B2B company has a funnel tracking process. And quite often, that process is seriously limited or broken.
Leads get lost, data is inaccurate, and businesses struggle to produce insights and accurate reporting.
I've seen this first hand, and so has this week's guest - Charlie Saunders. We've both spent years as consultants fixing broken funnels.
In this episode, we talk about the many reasons funnel tracking goes wrong and dive deep into the architecture of the scalable solution Charlie's team has developed.
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About Today's Guest
Charlie Saunders is co-founder and the Chief Revenue & Operations Officer at CS2, where he builds Revenue Growth Architecture for growth-stage B2B tech companies that powers efficient and predictable revenue growth.
https://www.linkedin.com/in/charliesaunders/
Key Topics
- [00:00] - Introduction
- [01:35] - Why funnel tracking matters
- [05:05] - How funnel metrics and attribution interact
- [08:21] - Key funnel metrics
- [10:18] - Accuracy vs. perfection in funnel tracking
- [14:06] - Why we can’t rely just on a Lead Status field
- [19:03] - Using a Salesforce custom object for funnel tracking
- [20:23] - Explanation of using a lifecycle campaign to bridge leads and contacts
- [21:01] - Should everyone start with a custom object?
- [26:55] - Why a custom object doesn’t need to be that intensive to implement
- [29:34] - Custom object impact on sales process and UX
- [33:25] - Tipping point = the initiation of the sales process
- [34:58] - Multiple tipping point types
- [36:14] - Different stages in the pre-pipeline section of the funnel
- [39:28] - Build vs. buy when considering a custom object solution
- [40:38] - You need a strong foundation for any funnel tracking to work
- [42:56] - Deeper discussion on attribution
- [45:47] - Significance of the the "tipping point" touch
Resource Links
- CS2 | B2B Marketing & Revenue Operations Consulting - Official CS2 website.
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Transcript
You're listening to RevOps FM with Justin Norris.
2
:If you work in a go to market role, the
funnel is a constant thing in your life,
3
:whether it's a simple funnel, a waterfall,
or it's flipped, or it's bow tied, we have
4
:this constant need to create some sort of
mental model around our revenue process,
5
:and of course that's for good reason.
6
:But the problem I've seen is that so
much oxygen gets sucked up talking about
7
:what type of funnel we should have.
8
:That there's much less thought about how
that funnel actually gets operationalized.
9
:How do we build it?
10
:How do we make it robust and scalable?
11
:How do we make sure the data is accurate?
12
:All that kind of stuff.
13
:And it's in those little areas where
all the problems actually tend to begin.
14
:I've had a bit of an obsession with
funnel tracking throughout my career,
15
:and when I spoke to my friend Charlie
Saunders about this, I quickly
16
:realized he's been on the same journey.
17
:If you don't know Charlie, he is a
top shelf revenue operator, the COO
18
:and co founder of CS2, which is a
marketing and RevOps consultancy, and
19
:also co host of the Revenue Growth
Architects podcast, which is a great
20
:show that you should listen to.
21
:And he and his team have built
some really cool solutions in this
22
:area, so I wanted to invite him on
the show for a special deep dive.
23
:Into all things FunnelOps, Charlie,
really glad to have you here.
24
:Charlie Saunders: Thanks for having me.
25
:I'm excited to have this conversation.
26
:Justin Norris: Yeah, I know we both
sort of nerded out about this, so
27
:it's about time we just sort of lay
everything out on paper about the funnel.
28
:I mean, let's start big picture,
kind of first principles.
29
:From your point of
view, why do we do this?
30
:Why is it so critical that we
have this process in place?
31
:Yeah.
32
:So
33
:Charlie Saunders: first off where
we're coming from is funnel is
34
:the most important area of your
architecture, a B2B SaaS company
35
:needs everything centers around it.
36
:And I categorize it into three reasons.
37
:The first one is all around
trying to get insight.
38
:So with the funnel, you're obviously
tracking your buying stages.
39
:You're seeing where buyers are coming
from and you're capturing the demand.
40
:You're looking at the conversion
rates and velocity through all of
41
:those buying stages, all the way
through to pipeline and revenue.
42
:So if you're not tracking that
stuff, then you don't, you've got
43
:a huge insight gap into what's
happening in your organization.
44
:You don't know where's
pipeline coming from.
45
:You don't know, well, there's
the highest converting pipeline.
46
:You don't know where the different
channels are going to be having the
47
:best velocity through the funnel.
48
:And you're really just going
to not be able to make.
49
:As many good business decisions
about where to invest and where
50
:to try and improve your business.
51
:So the first one is all around insights
and that's the tracking side of it.
52
:And then also related to the tracking
side, more practically around how
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:your internal teams are working.
54
:If you don't have a well organized process
for moving buyers through these final
55
:stages, and maybe it's worth kind of
articulating what those stages might be.
56
:We call them sales ready, moving
into a sales working stage.
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:We don't like to use acronyms at CST.
58
:We like to just use words.
59
:So there may be moving into a
meeting book stage, pipeline
60
:stage, true kind of pipeline,
forecasted pipeline and revenue one.
61
:And if you don't have a well architected
process, then your team doesn't know
62
:what to do at each of those stages,
which will then drive efficiencies
63
:throughout all of those stages,
like how sales even follows up.
64
:On an MQL or a sales ready, what
should sales be doing to try and
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:then progress towards pipeline?
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:Like what activities they need
to do to connect with the buyer
67
:to get a meeting in the calendar.
68
:So the funnel is all about building
out that process that you can repeat
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:and have a good buyer experience
through all of those steps.
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:And that last piece there around the
buyer experience is third thing that
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:we really like to call out because.
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:If you don't have this architected
well, then you are not only limiting
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:your company because you're not going
to be able to have an efficient revenue
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:generating engine, but you're also
impacting the experience of your buyers.
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:Right?
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:Like how many companies out there.
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:Yeah.
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:You fill out a demo request
and it takes like five days
79
:for them to get back to you.
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:The reason that probably is because
one, they've got bad process around that
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:particular situation, but also they're
probably not tracking what is happening.
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:Like no one knows this is happening.
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:Cause everyone knew that was happening.
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:They'd probably go and fix it.
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:They don't have that funnel
data to show, Oh, okay.
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:Our conversion rate from
cells ready to working.
87
:is super low and it's taking five days
for sales to progress those stages,
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:then we should go and fix that.
89
:And that happens at every single stage.
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:Each stage has an operational action
and that's something a person needs
91
:to perform to help move forward.
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:And if you don't have that well
built out, you're not tracking
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:that, then you can't improve it.
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:So it's really hard to
improve your sales process.
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:It's really difficult to
improve what you're doing from
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:a marketing point of view.
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:And you're just left with that big
insight gap and just a really inefficient
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:way to turn buyers into revenue.
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:Justin Norris: When we talk
about the insights piece of
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:that, to me there's two aspects.
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:There's the stages of the funnel, sort
of like stages of a conveyor belt, if
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:you like, like in an assembly process,
and people are Moving through them and
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:then there's an aspect of attribution
or like what were the marketing or sales
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:or whatever actions that is causing
somebody to move from stage to stage
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:and you sort of alluded to both of them.
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:You could have a funnel without
attribution involved just to say we have
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:so many leads so many opportunities so
much close one revenue without that there.
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:But to you it seems that
is integral to the process.
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:Can you talk a little
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:Charlie Saunders: bit about that?
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:Definitely.
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:Building funnels for years.
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:If I ever built funnel tracking and showed
it to a CMO and was like, this is how
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:many leads you got, this is how many went
to work, and this is how many went to
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:meetings, the next question is going to
be, wait, but where did they come from?
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:Was this an event?
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:Was it a demo request?
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:Was it You know, through some of our
paid efforts, was it an outbound funnel?
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:Maybe they do PLG.
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:Was this kind of a PLG
sales assisted funnel?
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:This is a customer funnel.
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:Was this a partner deal?
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:Everyone cares about that, right?
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:Just seeing the volume
and conversion rates.
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:In a silo without knowing what
that tipping point was, is missing
126
:a huge piece of the picture.
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:So when we think about it, I just
mentioned the phrase that we use,
128
:tipping point, we like to look at
what was that tipping point that
129
:led to the sales conversation.
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:So within that model, we're looking
at, it's a last touch model, but not a
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:last touch for opportunity, last touch
before the initial sales conversation.
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:So we call that stage sales ready.
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:And the reason why we call
that stage sales ready.
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:It's because it's more than just an MQL.
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:You know, it can be, like I mentioned,
all of those other sources that can
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:then lead to sales needing to engage.
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:So it could be, like I said,
outbound funnel, partner deal.
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:It could be customer expansion.
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:Like some of our clients have
the concept of a customer.
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:It could be any of those
or EQR, like I mentioned.
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:So we want to be able to look
at each of those tipping points.
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:And then some of the tipping points
have further granularity that you need.
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:Right.
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:So like it's not.
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:Good enough to just say, this is
like a marketing inbound funnel.
146
:You want to know what the
way that we look about it is.
147
:It's kind of the where, what scenario,
like where did they come from?
148
:And what did they do from
a marketing perspective?
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:So where they came from might be
a paid ad and what they did might
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:be a demo quest, for example.
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:So you want to capture those data points.
152
:So then you can really start to
understand, okay, well, I'm looking
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:at conversion rates through my funnel.
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:You know, let's take an example
where content syndication.
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:Sales ready to pipeline might be like 0.
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:3%, but maybe an event or your demo
request is, you know, at 80 percent
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:conversion rate, there might be a dramatic
example between sales ready to pipeline.
158
:And that is really, what's going to
help you make better decisions, right?
159
:More than just the volume through the
funnel, the volume through the funnel
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:can help you optimize your sales process
probably, but not the marketing side.
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:You need to know more data.
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:Um, I know we're going to talk about.
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:Some of the downsides to using this
approach, because it is just looking at
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:just one touch point and versus multi
touch attribution, but we can obviously go
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:through that later, but it's still a model
to help you improve what you're doing
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:from a marketing and sales perspective.
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:Justin Norris: you touched on metrics,
you know, you build the funnel and
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:you lay out the metrics, which is kind
of the big reveal, the thing that the
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:CMO or the CRO actually cares about.
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:What are the key things that you think
people need to look at within the
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:Charlie Saunders: funnel?
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:we've already covered.
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:Looking at the source
of that tipping point.
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:But then there's three primary
metrics types that I would categorize.
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:There's volume data, which can also
include, you know, pipeline, how many
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:at each stage, how much pipeline.
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:Then there's conversion data, what's
the conversion rate between stages.
178
:And there's velocity, so how quickly
are they moving through the stages.
179
:So that's really the three major
types of reporting that you're going
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:to be building with final data.
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:And then from that point.
182
:You want to then build out your
analytics framework to be able to
183
:give each audience the right data.
184
:We go super deep on this, but generally we
have a few different types of dashboards,
185
:which can help different teams.
186
:There's like the planning dashboard,
which might give you a rolling 12 month
187
:view of conversion rates that could
help you do your revenue planning.
188
:You would have an optimization dashboard.
189
:This one, you could go super deep.
190
:It's like all of the different conversion
points, looking at different channels,
191
:looking at different offers, looking
at kind of sales, follow up time, even
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:rep conversion rates, everything that
could help you find a piece of insight
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:to help you improve the efficiency.
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:Of your funnel, then there's
the goal tracking dashboard.
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:Once you've built your revenue
plan, then you want to see, okay,
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:we need this many cells ready.
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:This is how much pipeline we need.
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:Are we on track?
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:So you'd be looking at that in kind of
meters and are we hitting the goals?
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:And the last one is all around is
like pure campaign performance.
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:It's like a marketing dashboard where
you can dig into all of the channels and
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:campaigns and look at the final data.
203
:So the three things, the volume conversion
and velocity by campaign, by channel,
204
:by all of the marketing activities.
205
:Everything
206
:Justin Norris: you've just
said makes perfect sense.
207
:Generally, all the smart people I speak
to seem to agree on those metrics.
208
:The challenge I find is when, it's like
the devil's in the details on the funnel.
209
:So, when you start to take messy,
complicated reality and run it
210
:through those pipes, There's all
sorts of things that can go wrong.
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:I don't know if you remember the thing in
Marketo where you build your funnel, you
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:set up your stages and you the modeler.
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:The modeler.
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:Thank you.
215
:Yeah, it's been a little while since
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:Charlie Saunders: I built one.
217
:It's been ages since we've done that.
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:Justin Norris: So many products try to
solve this in these kind of ways that
219
:are just a little bit janky that don't
work because with the modeler you can
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:end up with this like crazy spaghetti.
221
:I'm sure you've seen one of these
things that like just give you
222
:nightmares to look at it where
it's got all the strands connected
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:together in all these different ways.
224
:All these detours and this is where
things can get really hard because
225
:either you're like excluding data and
just having a really narrow view or
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:all these funnels when you scratch
beneath the surface, say, at least
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:traditional ways of building them.
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:They have a lot of limitations.
229
:How have you struggled with that?
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:I guess over the years if you have.
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:Charlie Saunders: I mean there's
a few things I'll call out first.
232
:There's that quote by George Box that
all models are wrong but some are useful.
233
:So this is definitely not
trying to be a hundred percent
234
:representation of reality, right?
235
:That's why it's a data model and not.
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:Literally a representation of reality.
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:The other is there is definitely a
difference between the buyer's journey
238
:and what this is really solving
for, which is the sales process.
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:So a buyer, obviously throughout the
sales process, they're looking at,
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:even just from a content point of view,
they're probably looking at like what
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:would people would consider like a top
of funnel content, bottom of funnel
242
:content that are kind of engaging
in all of this untrackable activity.
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:There's all of these just touch points.
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:You need a different attribution
method to be able to understand
245
:and analyze their touch points.
246
:That's where multi touch
attribution comes in.
247
:But for the funnel, what we're really
looking for is what is capturing that
248
:demand and then looking at the progression
of that demand through the sales process.
249
:So that's why we're looking
at sales ready to working, to
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:meeting, to pipeline, to close one.
251
:The sales process.
252
:Does work in those stages.
253
:It doesn't mean that everyone
goes through those stages linearly
254
:and never can kind of go back.
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:And that's where really thinking about
the data model for how you're actually
256
:tracking this is important because we're
going to get to this, but so you're just
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:adding date stamps to your leads and
contacts to go, okay, when they hit these
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:stages, we're adding these dates now.
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:But then, like you said, the
buying process could be messy.
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:They could drop out of the funnel.
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:They're not be interested, not
get back to the salesperson.
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:Then they might.
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:again, or they might come through a
different source like a partner, or you
264
:might have a product led strategies.
265
:They might kind of sign
up for your product.
266
:So very messy.
267
:If you're then just tracking all
of that data on lead and contact,
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:you're just overwriting that
previous journey through that funnel.
269
:So you lose all of that data.
270
:But if you're, we'll get to this
maybe later, if you're tracking more
271
:of an advanced data model or rather
custom object, you can track each
272
:of those journeys independently.
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:And that you see and
kind of retain that data.
274
:So I know kind of we're getting into
the bit of the technical there, but when
275
:you're trying to build out this model,
that is important to think about because
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:of the cyclical nature of the buying
process, the ways that people aren't going
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:to be following this process perfectly.
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:So you do need to think about how you're
capturing that data and making sure that
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:you do have as good a representation of
their buying process as possible without.
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:I'm thinking you need to have a perfect
representation of, because if we strive
281
:for perfection in marketing and revenue
ops, you're going to be disappointed.
282
:Every
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:Justin Norris: time.
284
:You've teased a little bit, say a more
ideal solution is, and I know that we
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:agree broadly speaking on the perspective
of what that ideal solution looks like,
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:but I think it's worthwhile to step
through a little bit, like what are some
287
:of the common ways of doing this and
where do they break down and, and some of
288
:the pitfalls that each of us have seen.
289
:and I think the most straight, let's call
it the most basic, is like, sort of what
290
:the out of the box method is in most CRMs,
is you have some kind of lead status.
291
:So you have a status.
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:It kind of does the job
as a pick list, right?
293
:It moves you through.
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:It's missing a lot of the resolution,
but from your point of view.
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:Why can't we just have a status,
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:Charlie Saunders: Or why can't
we have the marketer modeler?
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:So with the leading contact status,
the way that we build it and in any
298
:method, you're still going to use that.
299
:It's kind of the default field.
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:The sales knows where it is.
301
:They know what it means in most
cases, you want it to be the
302
:representation of where that person
is in the buying stages, right?
303
:But if you only have that, you know, CMO
says, how many meetings did we book in Q1?
304
:How are you going to report on that?
305
:Obviously you probably use activity
reports, you know, take away that.
306
:But like, if you're just going to
look at your funnel data and do that
307
:status, it's not capturing the volume.
308
:It's just showing you how many people
are in that status at that time.
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:So then what people did is they
would start adding date stamps
310
:to the leads and contacts.
311
:Even when we were building, you know,
Marquette and modelers back in the day,
312
:you were still your smart campaigns, like,
you know, you move them in the stage,
313
:but also updated date stamp that would
be represented in Salesforce, right?
314
:Especially as people started to
realize kind of the limitations
315
:of Marquette reporting and.
316
:Also, the fact that the reporting
generally, even back then, and
317
:probably still now, Salesforce
is still a good place to have
318
:like a lot of your reporting.
319
:I know a lot of our clients are moving
to BI, and this is a bit of a tangent,
320
:but there's still a time and place to
having your Salesforce data right, and
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:be able to report on in Salesforce,
particularly for some operational
322
:aspects, even if you do have a really
strong BI team and BI strategy.
323
:But anyway, back to the original
point, adding date stamps to the lead
324
:and contact was good, and we've done
that loads of times over the years.
325
:And it can get you some data, but you
end up seeing a lot of these issues.
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:One is just the way the Salesforce
operates, which is you have leads and
327
:contacts, so you've got, you know, a
lead goes through some stages, gets to.
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:We'd convert it into a contact.
329
:Now it's a contact.
330
:You're trying to get a full funnel view.
331
:You've got to create a lead report and
a contact report makes volume conversion
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:velocity data, like super hard to get.
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:So then people would be like,
okay, well, I can't look at
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:conversion rates very well.
335
:Particularly when a lead could turn
into a contact, not reach the end of
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:the funnel, get recycled as a contact
and then re MQL as a contact, right?
337
:So you could have a lot of
issues around reporting.
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:So then you would pull that data
into Excel, try and combine it all
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:together to do your full funnel
volume conversion velocity reporting.
340
:And then the other big issue with when
someone does get recycled and then
341
:MQLs again, you have to overwrite the
last, you might have an original MQL
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:date and a last MQL date, but you're
going to overwrite the last MQL date.
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:So if they MQL twice, maybe you've
retained the data, but if they
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:MQL three times, four times, five
times, now you've lost it, right?
345
:And yes, you can have a counter to
count how many times they've done it.
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:But you don't really have a stored
data set, which is showing you every
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:progression through the funnel, where
they ended and when they started
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:again, and all the data stamps.
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:So the lead and contact model is kind of
inherently flawed through those issues.
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:So then what people started to do is.
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:That's kind of like this hacky way of
doing it, where you kind of add everyone
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:to a Salesforce campaign and yeah, use
formulas to then get everyone in there
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:and then use the formulas to combine
the leads and contacts or there's
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:people would then just start to go
fully into BI to join the data tables.
355
:Get up the data and data warehouse
and use BI, but a lot of, uh,
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:particularly the BI issue has come
back to my issue with that Salesforce.
357
:I know people love this distributed true
narrative, or they don't want CRM to
358
:be the source of truth, but you really
do need an ability to build a report in
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:Salesforce that matches your reporting.
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:Like, I don't know how many times
I've had it where client is like full
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:in, fully into BI, they've got all of
their reporting infrastructure there.
362
:Yeah.
363
:But then their sales team or
even the marketing team building
364
:some reports in Salesforce.
365
:Now everyone's got different numbers
because there's all of this data
366
:manipulation outside of Salesforce.
367
:Might be an enablement thing, but
our point of view is that you want
368
:your data to be correct and right in
Salesforce so you can report on it.
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:And then just sync that table
direct and use that MBI for
370
:funnel data without any additional
manipulation outside of Salesforce.
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:So that brings us to kind of the last
solution using a Salesforce custom
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:object to track all of the funnel data.
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:You can create a record every time
someone repeat journeys through
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:the funnel, getting rid of the
issues around overwriting data.
375
:You got one report type in Salesforce.
376
:You sync that data table direct into
BI, so you have the report you see in
377
:BI is exactly the same as the report you
see in Salesforce, and it is a pretty,
378
:compared to the BI solution, bit less to
maintain if you built it the right way
379
:in Salesforce versus working with kind
of complex data teams and people who
380
:don't really understand marketing data.
381
:Who might be running your
data warehouse in isolation.
382
:So when I said a lot there, that's
the major ways people have approached
383
:this and the one that we would
recommend is the custom object.
384
:Justin Norris: We'll dive into some
depth in the custom object but just a few
385
:things that come to mind for me listening
because you articulated very well all the
386
:kind of attempts at solving this problem.
387
:I think you hit on pretty
much every single one that
388
:I am aware of or have tried.
389
:And it's funny because you can almost
see, like, two or three years there
390
:of, like, a team inching their way
forward, sort of the evolution of a
391
:process, like, let's do this, ah, it's
not working, let's just add another
392
:set of date stamps, like, oops, doesn't
work in that way, like, okay, well,
393
:we'll put this other thing on top of it.
394
:And I know that you mentioned it
being hacky, and I agree with this,
395
:but honestly, the default way, short
of a custom object that I've used
396
:historically, is the campaign method,
which at least brings leads and contacts
397
:together natively, just for the benefit
of anyone listening who didn't fully
398
:grasp it, like having a single Campaign
called life cycle or whatever that
399
:you add everyone to and you can use
formulas to whether it's leader contact,
400
:you bring it all into one place.
401
:So now at least you have a unified
data set and in that case, typically we
402
:would start out with saying we're only
going to track the first time through.
403
:So that's, you know, a way of addressing
those potential limitations and say,
404
:we're just going to narrow the scope.
405
:And sometimes that works for people.
406
:And so the question that leads me to is
From your point of view, do you just start
407
:off everybody now with the custom object?
408
:Because for me, back when I was
on the agency side, not everybody
409
:was ready to start there.
410
:It was a more expensive solution.
411
:It was a more complicated solution.
412
:So maybe this like V1, admitting
that it's lower fidelity, and
413
:then maybe you can graduate.
414
:We also didn't have a custom
object solution as productized
415
:as I think that you now have it.
416
:Where do you now feel like we made it
so easy to go this other route there's
417
:really no point building a tiny house
and building a bigger house you might as
418
:well just build the house that you want
419
:Charlie Saunders: and live in it.
420
:So really good question i wrestle
with it a lot because i agree
421
:the campaign option it can work
obviously one of the big limitations
422
:is that the repeat journey side.
423
:Like you said, like if you're just
tracking the first journey and maybe
424
:you're a company that doesn't have that
situation where people are dropping out
425
:the funnel a lot and you need to retain
every journey, I definitely never want
426
:to be the guy that's like, everyone
needs our solution kind of thing,
427
:you know, that would be probably not.
428
:Just the right way to act and have
the right perspective on that.
429
:What I will say though, is the really
hard part about funnel data is that
430
:what often happens is in the quest to
not overcomplicate things too early,
431
:we build these lesser solutions, right?
432
:And we use them for a while and they work.
433
:And, and, and where I'm coming from as
well is that we've, we only work with
434
:B2B SaaS companies going through kind
of like their rapid growth stages.
435
:So In our context, you know, you've
got maybe your first round of funding
436
:or your series a, and you still think
you're like wanting to be scrappy
437
:and you don't want to build like
too sophisticated of a solution.
438
:You don't have a CMO yet, you know,
you've got a scrappy marketing
439
:team, maybe one mops person,
you maybe don't have the skills.
440
:So what happens is you build this kind
of hodgepodge kind of okay ish version.
441
:And then what happens is the
company starts to accelerate
442
:their growth, which is great.
443
:I mean, you know, you've been able
to grow without this, which is fine.
444
:But then what happens is maybe CMO comes
in, CRO comes in, they start asking some
445
:more sophisticated questions from the data
and they're not able to get those answers.
446
:So now you have kind of more
of the business need to move to
447
:a more sophisticated solution.
448
:But the problem with funnel tracking is
any, or any tracking over time, right?
449
:When you launch the new solution, it
is really hard to back populate data.
450
:So now you're kind of
starting from day one again.
451
:So then you have the issue that
no one wants to start from day one
452
:because they go, Oh, we've been
tracking it this way for two years.
453
:So we know this way.
454
:I mean, I literally had this conversation
with one of our clients a couple of
455
:days ago, they're actually way bigger.
456
:They're like over 200 million.
457
:They are, uh, and they.
458
:I've been able to grow really well
with this, the lead and contact plus
459
:BI and a bit of snapshotting that's
kind of a little bit different, but.
460
:They wish they had just invested in
something like custom object years ago,
461
:because now they just have this big
resistance to change because of how far
462
:along they've gone and how they don't want
to just start data from scratch again and
463
:the kind of the tech debt and process and
the difficulty to change once something
464
:has been embedded in for so long.
465
:So even though I don't want to be the guy
that's like over investing something too
466
:early, if it was me and it was my company,
I would probably just want to get this
467
:like Sorted sooner rather than later.
468
:So then I can just grow into it and not
have all of the resistance to change and
469
:know that I'm eventually have these pains
that are going to be even harder to solve.
470
:Right.
471
:Like we can deploy this custom object.
472
:Like if you're a new startup with a
small team and low complexity, you
473
:could probably deploy it in a month.
474
:You're a big company, lots of complexity
by the company that I'm talking about
475
:here, probably going to be like a five
month project, you know, cause there's
476
:going to be so much work that you have to
do to unravel everything that you've got
477
:existing and then rebuild the new thing.
478
:So that's the trade offs.
479
:I don't know where I perfectly stand
on when to invest, but that's the trade
480
:offs that I wrestle with all the time.
481
:I've wrestled with
482
:Justin Norris: it a lot, too, and I
think there is no perfect solution.
483
:I've made both mistakes of, you know,
I've been the one maybe putting a
484
:solution that's over architected
or too complicated for a stage,
485
:and that fails in a different way.
486
:You have adoption issues, people
don't understand it, they want to
487
:revert back to a simpler state.
488
:The flip side, of course, is Building
an inadequate foundation, you can always
489
:like repaint your walls, you can redo your
roof, you can swap out windows on your
490
:house to continue with that analogy, but
can't very easily upgrade your foundation
491
:or like your basement waterproofing or
the insulation on the inside of your
492
:walls without being very disruptive.
493
:So there's some things that you want to
plan ahead for, and I'm also of the mind,
494
:I started at a new company two years
ago, the funnel was relatively simple,
495
:but it's like, is that the priority?
496
:It's working today, you know, and,
but then two years later, like.
497
:It only ever gets harder to change it.
498
:So in many ways, it's like the best
day to do it was yesterday, and
499
:the second best day is today, and
the third best will be tomorrow.
500
:Do it as quickly as possible.
501
:So there's that.
502
:The other piece to that as well, I think,
is having a solution that is strong enough
503
:that people can grow into it, and also
simple enough that It can be used more
504
:easily by a company at an earlier stage.
505
:So there's like switchable features or
things that are hiding behind curtains
506
:that you can be, Oh, you need this now.
507
:And like use it before.
508
:And you didn't notice it there before.
509
:Have you had to think through those
sorts of challenges in the way
510
:that you've designed your solution?
511
:Charlie Saunders: Yeah.
512
:So I think right now the solution
is a bit more of an all or nothing.
513
:It's not like you can dip your toe in
the water with a bit of custom object
514
:tracking and then expand from there.
515
:The other thing that I'll mention is.
516
:Obviously we've been building funnels
since we started CS2 and before,
517
:but this particular solution where
we've got a Salesforce unmanaged
518
:package to build out the custom object
side, that was built by our chief
519
:architect, Alison, middle of last year.
520
:We now have 10 clients using
it as of today, a lot more
521
:deployments planned for this year.
522
:So we've gone through this a good
amount of times, and honestly, the
523
:custom object side There's two pieces.
524
:There's the Salesforce architecture
and deploying the unmanaged package.
525
:And then there's everything else
that you need from a marketing
526
:and tracking side, right?
527
:Like I talked about, we're tying these
funnels to the marketing programs.
528
:So we need to know we
have to have UTM tracking.
529
:We have to have proper lead
source stamping and capturing
530
:of the offer and the channel.
531
:We need a proper sales handoff process.
532
:There's all of these different pieces
that you need, actually, irregardless
533
:of whether you're building a data
model on a custom object or not.
534
:So the complexity, actually, on the
custom object side, with the way that
535
:we built it as well, is, I guess,
all just using Salesforce Flow.
536
:I mean, there's a tiny bit of Apex,
I think, but it's not a managed,
537
:Apex, heavy Salesforce package
that no one's going to understand.
538
:So I think It does raise the question
that if you already need to have UTM
539
:tracking, you know, lead sourcing, all
that stuff anyway, regardless of the
540
:method, if the thing that's additive is
just this basically pulling all the data
541
:of the leading contact and account and
opportunity, et cetera, onto a custom
542
:object, and that is a templatized.
543
:Install does need to play nice
with all the other Salesforce
544
:automation that you have.
545
:And that's kind of the one bit that
we often spend more time on, but it's
546
:not as complicated as one might think.
547
:So when you think about the trade
off of when should you implant
548
:complexity into your org at what time.
549
:You already have quite
a complicated process.
550
:And with this custom object, isn't
changing anything from a sales
551
:process point of view, right?
552
:It's a tracking mechanism and getting
the data into the custom object.
553
:The one thing I will say though.
554
:Often when we implement this, we do
need to change some of the sales process
555
:because their sales process was trash
and it needed improvement, but it wasn't
556
:necessarily because of the custom object.
557
:We just needed to define their stages
better and they hadn't defined their
558
:stages, so you know, I'm not crazy in
my head and going like everyone needs it
559
:from day one, but it is something to think
about for earlier stage companies that.
560
:It's not as scary as you might think.
561
:And then also really think about what
do you want to grow into for the next 10
562
:years and are you okay with potentially
making a switch five years in and
563
:starting data again from that date?
564
:I want
565
:Justin Norris: to ask you a series
of questions, maybe to go through the
566
:structure of this, help people visualize
it a little bit and what it means.
567
:Maybe I'll just mention first,
the way I found my path towards
568
:this sort of solution was actually
really early in the game for me.
569
:It was like 2016.
570
:So we're going back eight years or so now.
571
:And it was sort of like the first
level of the game was the hardest
572
:mode because it was a company that
just had crazy levels of complexity.
573
:They had multiple product lines.
574
:They had multiple regions.
575
:It was multi dimensionality to the
extreme, and that people could be not
576
:only in cyclical funnels, but they could
be in multiple funnels at the same time.
577
:And so it was a really hard problem
to solve, really fun, but like there
578
:were certainly times in that project
where I was sort of on calls with
579
:my head down on my desk like, oh no.
580
:What will they need next?
581
:And ended up, you know, the solutions
available that time ended up solving
582
:it, stitching together a few pieces
that ended up working well, that
583
:pushed us in a particular direction.
584
:And a big part of that, like you
said, around sales process was
585
:creating a separate interface
that people had to interact with.
586
:In order to manipulate these different
funnels in different stages, do you
587
:require, let's start there, maybe
in terms of what the salesperson
588
:interacts with, do you require that?
589
:Or let's say they have a good
process that they like, a good
590
:set of statuses that they like,
can they keep doing their thing?
591
:And this is just tracking the
data better in the background
592
:Charlie Saunders: if they have
good statuses and that aligns with.
593
:Also our philosophy on, on the stages
too, then we're not going to require
594
:them to really do anything different.
595
:So like a lot of our clients,
they're using like an outreach
596
:or a sales loft as well.
597
:That's where kind of their
team's working a lot of the time.
598
:You know, so, so when we think about
each of the stage progressions, right.
599
:MQL comes in a lot of times we're
tracking to the next stage, the working
600
:stage through an activity that's been
logged by outreach or sales loft.
601
:So they're doing what they
want to do over there.
602
:Activity gets logged.
603
:We're then moving, we're progressing the
stage to working automatically for them.
604
:Then if there's a meeting, you know, it
depends on how they're logging meetings
605
:and activities, or if they want to, a
lot of times actually our clients create
606
:stage zero opportunities for meetings.
607
:So again, just going into
Salesforce, their normal workflow,
608
:creating a stage zero opportunity.
609
:We're listening for that.
610
:We then move that the life cycle
record to the stage of whatever we
611
:want to call it, it could be meeting
books, stage zero opportunity.
612
:And then we're listening for
opportunity stage progression.
613
:So they're doing their normal workflow
and there's nothing for them to log into.
614
:There's nothing for them
to look at outside of this.
615
:It's purely just listening for the stage
triggers that we've set and defined.
616
:And then moving that lifecycle
record through those stages.
617
:And capturing a lot of
data along the way, right?
618
:Like we can capture.
619
:Who owns the record at certain stages,
obviously retract the marketing data
620
:for the tipping point, where then
linking to the opportunity so we can
621
:pull all the opportunity data onto
the life cycle record to get any,
622
:you know, all the normal stuff you
would imagine, like opportunity stage,
623
:opportunity amount, that kind of stuff.
624
:But then any of the fields, we can
also track like the account stage at
625
:different, like usually you would track
that at the beginning of the funnel.
626
:So.
627
:If, for example, the MQL, but there
are the account as a customer type,
628
:then maybe we'll log that as a customer
funnel versus a prospect funnel.
629
:So it's really this other layer tracking
to give you that robust data set to
630
:do your reporting as opposed to the
custom object itself enforcing its
631
:own process where there's a bit more.
632
:Nuance to that is, like I said,
nine times out of ten, or maybe
633
:even ten times out of ten.
634
:When we come and deploy this for
clients, their process needs work too.
635
:So that's like its own project
to fix the process, and then the
636
:custom object sits on top of it.
637
:Justin Norris: Starting from the very
beginning, I'm a visitor, I come to
638
:the website of Acme's Work With You,
they have the solution in place.
639
:I fill out a form, maybe even the first
form I fill out is like content download.
640
:Are you creating a funnel at
that stage or only if it's time
641
:for sales to start working?
642
:Only if sales.
643
:So it's really a sales, I'm going to
call it sales centric, not that marketing
644
:doesn't get involved because as you
mentioned you have tipping points and
645
:you're tracking the campaigns, but the
origin point for the funnel is the sales
646
:Charlie Saunders: activity.
647
:Correct.
648
:It's the tipping point.
649
:So technically how it would work is,
so say you've got Marketo and you doing
650
:lead scoring, or maybe you have hand
raiser kind of that will accelerate
651
:them to become an MQL and their status.
652
:They just call it MQL because
people are used to that.
653
:So the status will change to MQL based on
your Marketo automation, that's scoring,
654
:et cetera, and changing the status.
655
:And then when that state is changed to
MQL, a life cycle record would be created.
656
:And then we will capture
what set them to MQL.
657
:So it could be like the demo form or the
UTMs and all of the marketing information.
658
:So it's the initiation of the sales
process, but the initiation of the sales
659
:process could be marketing led, obviously.
660
:So that's where it would tie the
marketing activity to the sales process.
661
:Justin Norris: So the marketing
automation, let's say Marketo or whatever
662
:they might be using, those rules are still
dictating when somebody is sales ready
663
:or MQL or whatever word we want to use.
664
:And at that point you're
like, okay, I got it.
665
:I'm starting a new funnel and
I'm capturing all the information
666
:that is available to me.
667
:Charlie Saunders: And that's where you
could have multiple tipping point types.
668
:So I mentioned like PQL, you know, some
of our clients might be, I wouldn't
669
:say this is the best solution for
like true product led where literally
670
:they can go all the way through and
buy the product without talking to a
671
:salesperson, but more sales assisted
PLG where you're looking at some buying
672
:signals when someone is actually using
the product, maybe free trial, et cetera.
673
:And then you have some mechanism
to say this person is a PQL
674
:and needs cells to follow up.
675
:So that would work the same way, but
maybe it's not Marketo doing that,
676
:maybe it's something else, or sometimes
could be, and then the lead status
677
:would be PQL instead of MQL, and
then that would also be a trigger.
678
:Or, for cells outbound, the way
we'll start to funnel there, If
679
:someone is pre MQL, and then we
see that cells logs an activity
680
:against that person, we then start a
funnel, an outbound funnel for them.
681
:I didn't create a new record,
the life cycle record, what
682
:for that outbound funnel?
683
:The
684
:Justin Norris: outbound funnel is
based on, could be somebody like being
685
:put into a sales loft cadence or an
outreach sequence, something like that.
686
:What if the other funnel
is already active?
687
:Does it start two or it sort of says
this one's already superseding it?
688
:Charlie Saunders: There's only
ever one active funnel at a time.
689
:Now what
690
:Justin Norris: about So we use Chili Piper
and the opportunity stage for us, but
691
:it's the BDR, SDR, the rep that's doing
the qualification before it gets to an
692
:AE is going to have a discovery call or
an alignment meeting with that person.
693
:So can you trigger a stage change
based on like an activity record
694
:happening, you know, with particular
695
:Charlie Saunders: parameters?
696
:Yeah.
697
:So that's how we move often.
698
:So like I mentioned before, sales
radio MQL to working, we automate
699
:that through seeing an activity that's
been logged by typically one of the
700
:sales engagement platforms, like I
mentioned, the meeting books, you could
701
:trigger that based off, you know, a
meeting being logged in Salesforce.
702
:But these days I'm seeing first proper
collaborative meeting between AE and SDR.
703
:A lot of our clients are using stage zero,
but you could use the activity object and
704
:just see that a meeting is being created.
705
:Some of our clients like a stage in
between two where there's working,
706
:there's maybe like a connected stage
before meeting, but that section of
707
:the funnel is the most variance I would
say between clients, where you go from.
708
:Sales ready to pipeline in between, you
know, there's like sales ready, working,
709
:meeting pipeline, sales, ready, working,
connected, meeting pipeline, the section
710
:that we'd work on the most to go, okay,
what do you want the sales process to be?
711
:And then how are we going to
trigger to know when those
712
:milestones have been achieved?
713
:And that can work either using like
activity data, state opportunities,
714
:there's different ways of handling it.
715
:And when you're configuring.
716
:The custom object, the unmanaged
package, you would configure that and
717
:basically tell it what those triggers
would be for each of those stages.
718
:You've sort of answered
719
:Justin Norris: the question already, but
there's some kind of settings interface
720
:where you can specify all these things
and what it's like for your business.
721
:There's
722
:Charlie Saunders: sometimes there's
some kind of auxiliary automation that
723
:you might need to create depending on.
724
:And this is where some of the real
weeds here, but some clients, they
725
:might want to move forward stages based
on like an outreach stage changing.
726
:And actually one thing to call out here,
if you've got your outreach or sales
727
:loft stage synced to your lead status
or your contact status directly, change
728
:that, sync it to like an outreach stage
field and then have other automation
729
:that can then progress the lead
status because what you often find is,
730
:particularly with our package, it's
relying on the lead status changing.
731
:The stage can go backwards and
forwards, like an outreach stage.
732
:So you don't want to revert the
funnel when you shouldn't, but anyway,
733
:another side point, but you might
want to build a flow to say, okay,
734
:when the outreach stage hits this
stage, progress the lead status to.
735
:Working, and then that would then
be the trigger for our custom object
736
:to say, okay, stage hit working,
because we saw that a status change.
737
:So, like I said, it's a bit where we
need to do a little bit of digging.
738
:But essentially, what you're doing
is going, what are the stages?
739
:How are we defining those stages?
740
:What is the actual kind of
practical, what is happening in CRM?
741
:To identify that stage has been
met, like an activity, like an
742
:outreach stage changing, et cetera.
743
:Progress the lead status or contact
status forward at that moment.
744
:And then that would then progress
the custom object record.
745
:Justin Norris: And I expect a lot of
people listening to this, maybe having
746
:like a build versus buy discussion with
themselves a little bit on the margins,
747
:like, Oh, that's really interesting.
748
:Could I build it myself?
749
:And you certainly could.
750
:But I think something that you're paying
for when you buy a solution like this
751
:is the number of reps that people have
gone through to already figure out and
752
:solve for bugs, issues, edge cases.
753
:And I'm just curious, what are some of
the hiccups that you've seen and had to
754
:solve for in this process through your
755
:Charlie Saunders: iterations?
756
:For that, I'd probably have to get
Alison on my team to come in and
757
:take us through all of the hiccups
as the kind of the chief architect.
758
:The thing I will say, Alison is
the most thorough person that
759
:I've ever met in my whole life.
760
:I think we might have even shown
you when we talked to you before.
761
:I
762
:Justin Norris: met with
you and Alison, yeah.
763
:She is amazing.
764
:Charlie Saunders: Yeah, so like,
she's gone through, I think
765
:we had like 35 different lead
conversion scenarios accounted for.
766
:So like, lead is in this stage and
this is kind of a particular thing
767
:on that lead and then gets converted.
768
:And to then make sure that every
lead conversion scenario is accounted
769
:for and the funnel still operate.
770
:But I think there's always tinkering
and improving the product, but
771
:she would be able to speed to
that a lot more than I could.
772
:I think the biggest thing that
we've learned is how to deploy this.
773
:Like I mentioned before, there's
a lot of prerequisites that you
774
:need for this to work, and actually
any funnel tracking to work.
775
:And I think sometimes, like
everyone in Mops probably, like
776
:we underestimate how much work.
777
:That is particularly for our more
mature clients where there's a lot
778
:of tech debt we have to unravel and
there's a lot we have to get working.
779
:So I think that has probably been
the biggest learning is setting
780
:expectations right up front about
how much work we need to get them to
781
:the baseline for this to even work.
782
:It's less even about the package.
783
:It's more about their existing foundation.
784
:But to your point about build versus buy.
785
:Someone messaged me on LinkedIn the
other day and he said that he saw
786
:my post and he mentioned that he
built it like five years ago and it's
787
:working great and I was like stoked.
788
:I mean this isn't our only way.
789
:Anyone can build custom object
tracking in Salesforce if you
790
:have the right Salesforce team
and you know what you're doing.
791
:Obviously I love our method and it's
very tried and tested now and it has
792
:a lot of thought that's gone into it.
793
:So you are buying kind of a shortcut
to get there if you were to go.
794
:There's something like that we offer.
795
:And the one thing that we really wanted
to make this kind of important to us
796
:is that it's an unmanaged Salesforce
package and it's not a subscription cost.
797
:And actually right now we're only
charging our clients, the deployment
798
:cost, we're actually giving it
away, but then we are going to start
799
:charging for it itself plus the
deployment, but still as a one time fee.
800
:And so you think of it more as
like an open source product.
801
:It's not open source that you can't
just go download it from anywhere.
802
:But once we do implement it for
you, it is yours to own and use and
803
:modify it as you wish going forward.
804
:It just gets you there a lot quicker.
805
:And the amount of hundreds or probably
over thousands of hours has been put into
806
:this now to really refine the approach.
807
:Would be quite difficult to pull
off like for an in house team.
808
:That's what I
809
:Justin Norris: think about as well when
I have those discussions with myself,
810
:but having it be modifiable is key.
811
:Everybody is different.
812
:It's not that anyone's processes
are so precious, but just sometimes
813
:it is easier to like build around
the giant boulder that's in the
814
:way rather than blast through it.
815
:Like there's just
certain pragmatic things.
816
:Maybe one last question or two
around the attribution piece,
817
:because we've touched on it, but it
would be interesting to come back.
818
:There's lots of different
ways of looking at this.
819
:And it can be challenging because
Somebody moving to a particular
820
:stage, even though that stage may
still be like a social convention.
821
:If we have a stage of like meeting booked,
it's like, well, there is this objective
822
:fact in the world that a meeting was
booked and we can record that or that
823
:area to be considered an opportunity and
therefore an opportunity was created.
824
:It's kind of indisputable.
825
:Whereas when we talk about
attribution, we're implying
826
:a statement about causation.
827
:We're saying that this thing caused that
thing to happen, which is of course a
828
:very problematic and messy thing to say
because Who really knows why something
829
:happened in reality and there can be
many factors and there's lots of other
830
:touches that aren't getting there.
831
:So how do you think about tipping point?
832
:And I know you're capturing
that first tipping point when
833
:the sales process begins.
834
:How do the rest of those
touches, if at all, factor in?
835
:Or are you really looking at it
primarily from that tipping point
836
:demand capture touch when you do
your kind of campaign analysis?
837
:Charlie Saunders: I mean, the first
protocol there is looking at it from
838
:the tipping point, demand capture
touch, and obviously I'm an advocate
839
:for this approach, but I could
also tell, you know, do a whole
840
:dissertation on why single touch
attribution has its flaws too, right?
841
:I'm not.
842
:Naive to that you, we can capture
other touches along the journey.
843
:So you could look at, you know, touch
before certain milestones or some
844
:clients we've been talking about other
milestones, like they may have come
845
:in like through an outbound funnel
or marketing inbound funnel, but
846
:then also signed up for the product.
847
:So you might want to represent that
on this object, or they've either
848
:hit some other threshold around maybe
getting to like a six QA from ABM.
849
:We might want to represent
that on the object as well.
850
:But I still think to your point,
it's not multi touch attribution
851
:and it's not trying to be right.
852
:And I think everyone probably
knows there's a lot of flaws with
853
:multi touch attribution as well.
854
:And I like to come back to none
of these models are perfect.
855
:What you want is that they're
going to give you some insight
856
:to improve your business.
857
:I see both of these types of attribution
in several different layers, but one
858
:of them is the difficulty to track.
859
:Then there's like the
difficulty to analyze.
860
:I think funnel metrics is
actually quite difficult to track.
861
:That's why we have our custom object, but
it's actually relatively easy to analyze.
862
:Like if you look at two channels
and then the conversion rate
863
:between the two, you can draw a
relatively easy insight from that.
864
:Multi touch attribution is
actually relatively easy to set
865
:up, especially if you get a tool.
866
:It's actually really hard to
get insight out of it because it
867
:basically says everything is working.
868
:So, I mean, there's a
million other trade offs.
869
:It's the
870
:Justin Norris: participation
trophy of attribution.
871
:Everyone gets a little piece of the pie.
872
:Exactly.
873
:Charlie Saunders: So, it's tough.
874
:I had a
875
:Justin Norris: previous discussion
with sydney waterfall from refined labs
876
:and she talked a bit about the touch
prior to the sales process beginning
877
:and I found it really interesting.
878
:A bit of a light bulb moment for me
because people think about the first
879
:touch which is just the very first
touch i think about like last touch
880
:before the opportunity was created but.
881
:You could have lots of things going on in
between when a salesperson starts working
882
:on a lead and then maybe they just start
binging your content and then you have a
883
:last touch that's completely unrelated.
884
:Whereas the sales, let's call it the
sales working tipping point touch, tells
885
:you a lot about, not necessarily about
what was influential for that lead, but
886
:How valuable is it when we reach out to
people at this point in time, you know,
887
:so it's kind of like less about like,
oh, this thing is just responsible for
888
:everything, but more like, should we
really reach out to people when they just
889
:register for a webinar at a good time?
890
:Or should we call every ebook lead?
891
:Or should we only do demo request
leads or something in between?
892
:And I think that's really valuable and
I That was just a new concept for me, I
893
:guess I hadn't really thought about it
that time, but I think that actually gives
894
:you a really valuable insight into like,
where should you deploy sales effort?
895
:Where should you not?
896
:Charlie Saunders: A hundred percent.
897
:I mean, when you think about
what's happened over the last
898
:18 months with companies trying
to get efficiency gains, right?
899
:Versus growth at all costs,
particularly in our industry, you
900
:don't want sales, like having like a 0.
901
:3 conversion rate from what you're
sending them to what they're actually
902
:turning into meetings and pipeline.
903
:And so if you don't have the data to
go, well, I sent them all these content
904
:syndication leads and nothing happened,
but I sent them these other leads and
905
:they converted a much higher rate.
906
:Then you can't, maybe don't
turn off content syndication.
907
:I mean, I've got kind of a strong
opinion on content syndication,
908
:but everyone has their own
channels that they find successful.
909
:At least you don't send
them to sales, right?
910
:And waste their time.
911
:And maybe if you reduce that volume by
looking at this type of data, you, maybe
912
:you don't have to reduce your sales team.
913
:I mean, you could, but if you'll just
be much, you'll be deploying those cells
914
:that so they sells hours so much better
because they're going to be following
915
:off on people that want to speak to them.
916
:And they're going to be able to
have a much better curation of that
917
:buyer experience because they're
not just wasting their time,
918
:just trying to chase down people
that have no interest in buying.
919
:That's a great
920
:Justin Norris: point.
921
:And I think that is the
capstone of the funnel.
922
:I'm really glad we could do this.
923
:It's just such an interesting
challenge to solve.
924
:I think, cause it also has so much pain
and as operators, we like things to like
925
:work well and you feel like a wound in
your soul and you know that there's like
926
:duct tape and things that are just dust
bunnies that are swept under the rug.
927
:You don't like that.
928
:You want things to be
clean and well architected.
929
:Love what you folks have done and
look forward to seeing more as you
930
:deploy this out into the market.
931
:Really glad you could come
and chat with me about it.
932
:Yeah, I
933
:Charlie Saunders: appreciate you having
me on it's been great to talk about
934
:this and I think you've been on our
podcast a couple of times once with
935
:both me and Chrissy and one with Chrissy
so it's great to turn the table a bit.
936
:Yeah,
937
:Justin Norris: absolutely, and we'll
have to keep the dialogue going.
938
:100 percent Alright, well thanks
Charlie, speak again soon.
939
:Yep, cheers Justin.
940
:Hey everyone, I want to
invite you over to the RevOps.
941
:fm Substack community, where
you can sign up to get rough
942
:transcripts, show notes, longer form
articles, and other bonus content.
943
:Just head over to RevOps.
944
:fm slash subscribe to get free access.
945
:I'd also love to know what you thought
of the episode, and to hear suggestions
946
:for topics you want to learn about.
947
:Feel free to leave a comment on Substack.
948
:Or send me an email at justinatrevops.
949
:fm.
950
:Thanks for listening.